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Exploratour - Evolution of the Solar System, page 31 - Windows to the Universe

Exploratour - Evolution of the Solar System

This is an image of Jupiter.
Click on image for full size
Courtesy of NASA

If a planet cannot bring new molecules into the atmosphere with volcanoes, then eventually the whole atmosphere can drift away. But for the atmosphere to drift away, the planet has to be small. The size of the planet matters. This table shows the time it takes for a few common atmospheric gases to escape the gravity of a planet. Like astronauts jumping long distances in the low gravity of the Moon, atmospheric gases can rebound large distances in a low gravity environment, if they have enough energy. Eventually, given enough time, atmospheric molecules will make their way out of an atmosphere and escape into space.

The table shows that as the planets get larger (more massive), it is harder for the gases to escape. Gravity acts as a "lid" to keep the particles close to the planet. The table shows that the average time for any gas to escape from Jupiter's gravity is billions of years. Thus it is likely that all the gases in Jupiter's atmosphere are probably the original gases swept up by the proto-Jupiter. Nothing can escape. On the other hand, the reason that the atmosphere of the planet Mercury, with no active volcanoes, has drifted away is because the planet is so small. Mercury, being about the size of the Moon, has about the same gravity as the Moon.




Mercury
(small)

Venus
(medium sized)

Jupiter
(very large)

Hydrogen (H) less than 1 hour days over the age of the Universe
Helium (He) roughly 1 day 100 times the age of the solar system over the age of the Universe
Oxygen (O) 800 million years over the age of the Universe over the age of the Universe


This is page 31 of 60

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Windows to the Universe, a project of the National Earth Science Teachers Association, is sponsored in part is sponsored in part through grants from federal agencies (NASA and NOAA), and partnerships with affiliated organizations, including the American Geophysical Union, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Earth System Information Partnership, the American Meteorological Society, the National Center for Science Education, and TERC. The American Geophysical Union and the American Geosciences Institute are Windows to the Universe Founding Partners. NESTA welcomes new Institutional Affiliates in support of our ongoing programs, as well as collaborations on new projects. Contact NESTA for more information. NASA ESIP NCSE HHMI AGU AGI AMS NOAA